Secrets of Simplicity: rules for being simple and usable (Giles Colborne)

Secrets of simplicity

Giles Colborne
cxpartners

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/jordoncooper/2854553375/

Why simplicity?

@gilescolborne

Many people have
the Suspicion that
technology is out
to get us.

Making technology
simpler seems like
an obvious way to
save ourselves.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/24017046@N05/2415666205/

Ten years ago, this
was the standard
for how we ought
to access the
internet.

@gilescolborne

Today, a simpler
alternative
dominates the web.

@gilescolborne

The first iteration
of zune was poorly
received.

@gilescolborne

Zune 1.0 vs Zune 2.0

The second
iteration had fewer
features...

...And got better
reviews.

@gilescolborne

there are 113 links
on a page when all
I want to know is
‘will it rain in
Ithaca?’

this seems over- 113
complicated.
@gilescolborne

...especially when
you compare it to
desktop widgets
like this, which tell
you the weather
without the
clutter.

@gilescolborne

my Swiss army
knife, has all these
features which are
supposed to be
useful. But I hardly
ever use it...

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/captainammonite/3316277831/

...Instead, I’m more
likely to pick up a
screwdriver to open a
Can of paint, stir the
paint, gouge a hole in
something, reach a coin
that’s stuck behind the
fridge... or even tighten
a screw.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/-po/302360126/

People are
crying out for less

@gilescolborne

One reason we’re
drawn to what’s
‘simple’ is that
we’re trying to get
stuff done faster.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/wwarby/3296379139/

We’re also trying
to fit more in.

Multi-tasking is
easier when you
keep the tasks
simple.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/peninah/2468918040/

No one wants to
read the manual.

We want something
simple we can pick
up and use right
away.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/e-coli/419976117/

And we’re using
technology in
safety critical
environments.

complexity can be a
fatal distraction.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/cl191/2965160625/

We used to go to
these guys when we
wanted to get our
hands on
technology...

@gilescolborne

...Nowadays, we’re
buying and using
technology as
consumers.

So we expect
simple, usable
consumer devices.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/pingping/61487601/

Simplicity has
become a goal of
our culture.

Alain de Botton
points out that
cultures are drawn
to create the
things that are
missing from their
age and
environment.

@gilescolborne

So the 18th century
was a time of
revolution, social
upheaval and
disruption to the
old order...

@gilescolborne

...And the
architecture of
that period turned
to ancient values
and classical
order.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/merry_meet/3468018982/

Fast forward a
hundred years to
the industrial
revolution.

people were
reduced to
components in
factories...

@gilescolborne

...Yet the Victorians
aspired to rustic
architecture and
the medieval
artisanship of the
Arts and Crafts
movement.

@gilescolborne

SO to our age of
confusing moral
relativism and
globalisation.

your life can be
disrupted instantly
at any time by a
stranger on the
other side of the
world...

@gilescolborne

And in our
confusing world
we aspire to that
which is minimalist,
pared down and
simple.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/hubmedia/2374756836/

Less is more
Mies Van Der Rohe

So for practical,
emotional and
cultural reasons
we crave simplicity.

For people working
in usability, it can
seem like usability
and simplicity are
identical.

@gilescolborne

Simplicity
is not the answer
Donald Norman

Unfortunately, for
people looking for
a panacea,
simplicity isn’t the
answer to all your
usability problems.

@gilescolborne

Usability
What consider to
be usable varies
depending on the
context.

the ISO definition
of usability is
efficiency,
effectiveness
and satisfaction

Efficiency Effectiveness Satisfaction
ISO 9241-11

@gilescolborne

Business system Old school business
systems tend to be
imposed on users.

Businesses want
accountancy systems
to be effective and
efficient. user
Satisfaction is nice
but not top priority.


@gilescolborne

Many Call centres
Call centre are focussed on
efficiency.

Their primary
measure of
usability is: how
many calls can an
operator get
through in an
hour?


@gilescolborne

Consumer web site
Consumer web sites
need to be
effective and
Satisfying to use.
But consumers are
poor at judging
efficiency.


@gilescolborne

Simplicity

If you’re designing
something simple
for consumers,
you have to hit high
scores all three
criteria. Ouch.


@gilescolborne

Simplicity ≠ Usability
So simplicity is not
the same as
usability. It’s just
one case, and it
may not always be
the right strategy.

@gilescolborne

But simplicity still
matters.

Mobile is a good
example of an area
where simplicity is
Crucial.

@gilescolborne

Simplicity
is not the answer
necessarily
Donald Norman

So it’s not the
only route to
usability.

But people want
and often need
simplicity.

@gilescolborne

If you want to
design simple
things you’ll find
yourself directed
to this book.

It’s good. But the
advice inside is not
very clear.

@gilescolborne

oe try
P
It’s not laws, it’s
poetry. It works
best if you let it
wash over you.

we need some Solid
laws and clear
strategies for
simplicity.

@gilescolborne

I don’t want to
hope that the hand
of god touches my
work.

I want to know
that I can make
something simpler.

@gilescolborne

Here’s an exercise
we try with new
recruits.

We take something
that seems
unnecessarily
complex and ask
them to...

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/redjar/136216608/

Simplify this!

@gilescolborne

Play
Pause
Stop
Rewind to beginning
Forward to end
Rewind
Slow rewind
Frame by frame rewind
Fast forward
Slow forward
Frame by frame forward

Cursor up / down / left / right
Enter
Return / back
Menu (show the on-disc navigation screen or audio disc tracks)
Top menu (show the on-disc navigation screen)
Display (show options for this DVD)

Eject
TV on / off
DVD on /off

Numerical keypad
Clear

Time / Text
Repeat (change repeat play settings)
Picture navi (search by scene)
Audio mode (language / audio format)
Subtitles
Camera angle
Virtual surround sound

Picture mode

@gilescolborne Volume + / -

Play
Pause
Stop
Rewind to beginning
Forward to end
Rewind
Slow rewind
Frame by frame rewind
Fast forward
Slow forward
Frame by frame forward

Cursor up / down / left / right
Enter
Return / back
Menu (show the on-disc navigation screen or audio disc tracks)
Top menu (show the on-disc navigation screen)
Display (show options for this DVD)

Eject
So how would you TV on / off
DVD on /off
make a DVD remote Numerical keypad
control simpler? Clear

Time / Text
Repeat (change repeat play settings)
Stop the Picture navi (search by scene)
UP

Audio mode (language / audio format)
presentation and Subtitles
A

Camera angle
try it now. Virtual surround sound

Picture mode

@gilescolborne Volume + / -

I’ve seen some
wonderful, creative
solutions to this
problem.

They fall into four
categories...

The four solutions

@gilescolborne

1. Remove features

Get rid of some of
those buttons that
you never seem to
use.

@gilescolborne

2. Hide features

Put some of the
features behind a
hatch where they
won’t get in the
way all the time.

OP
EN

@gilescolborne

3. Group features

Move the important
stuff so that it’s
easier to find and
put everything in
logical groups.

@gilescolborne

4. Displace features

For instance, Move
the features to an
on-screen menu on
the TV set.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ckelly/185726479/

Sometimes people
think instructions
will make things
easier.

Adding more
instructions
doesn’t improve
simplicity. it just
gives everyone an
excuse to stop
trying to improve
things.

@gilescolborne

1. Remove features
2. Group features
3. Hide features

@gilescolborne

It’s not a great
answer for our DVD
remote. If you
remove a feature,
someone will care.

And you create
problems for
yourself
elsewhere...

@gilescolborne

...you have to make
sure you market
this ‘basic’ DVD
player so
customers know
what they’re
buying.

And you have to
have a customer
support programme
for all those
people who didn’t
realise that one
day, they’d need
the subtitles
button.

@gilescolborne

removing features
Can also make
things feel more
complex.

This is the elevator
in the Tokyo apple
store. You can’t
choose where to
go. It just
shuttles from
floor to floor.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/nrvica/22840347/

Logic says ‘this is a
simpler design’.

But people who’ve
used it say it FEELS
complex. They don’t
like to be out of
control...

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/nrvica/22840347/

...Just like people
who use wizards
don’t like the
feeling of being on
a conveyor belt
with no real
control.

@gilescolborne

‘Choose your own
adventure’ gives
the same limited
control.

But we understand
it because it has a
story to hold it
all together.

@gilescolborne

Wizards Hide the
story of what’s
really going on
from the user.

They make it hard
for the user to
build a mental
model. the user
never progresses
past the Novice
stage.

@gilescolborne

Simplicity
is not the answer
Donald Norman

Told you so

Getting rid of
features is hard.
And it doesn’t
always work as
well as we’d hope.

@gilescolborne

Perfection is achieved
not when there is nothing
more to add
but when there is
nothing more to take away
Antoine de Saint Exupery

But it’s an
attractive
solution. And it
can work. The
question is - how
do you know what
to take away?

@gilescolborne

Everything should be
as simple as possible -
but no simpler
Albert Einstein

how do we know
when we’ve made
something as
‘simple as
possible’?

@gilescolborne

Make the irreducible basic
elements as simple and as
few as possible without
having to surrender the
adequate representation
of a single datum of
experience
Albert Einstein

This is what
Einstein Really
said. It’s more
complex. But it’s
more helpful.

@gilescolborne

experience
Albert Einstein

First, We’ve got to
understand what’s
at the core of the
experience...

@gilescolborne

experience
Albert Einstein

...Then we’ve got to
make sure we don’t
disrupt that.

@gilescolborne

It’s about what’s core

@gilescolborne

A few years ago I
was asked to re-
design an online
bank for a company
called Goldfish.
They wanted it to
match their brand
values: friendly,
Approachable and
simple.

@gilescolborne 64

On one screen they
had a date
selection control.
This looks simple,
doesn’t it?

Apr 2009 GO

@gilescolborne 65

What is minimal?
GO

But the control
was for selecting
your bank
statement. And it
turned out to be
too complex.

@gilescolborne 66

You could select a
date in the future.

And You’d see an
error message Saying
how stupid you were.

Not Friendly, simple
or approachable
behaviour

Dec 2009 GO

@gilescolborne 67

You could select
dates from over a
year ago.

But the bank only
kept statements for
a year.

Again: Not friendly,
simple or
approachable.

Feb 2008 GO

@gilescolborne 68

We asked ourselves
‘what’s really going
on here?’.

Users had 12 bank
statements to
choose from.

So We replaced it
with this. Which is
much simpler. Apr 2009

Mar 2009
Feb 2009
Jan 2009
Dec 2008
Nov 2008

@gilescolborne 69

What is minimal?
Jun 2009

Interestingly,
making things
simpler for the user
required more
complex
programming.

@gilescolborne 70

Because I design user
experiences, I’m talking
about interactions. Do
simple user experiences
require simple
aesthetics, too?

Another look at
aesthetics

@gilescolborne

This bow is
Aesthetically
minimalist.

All other
movement is
eliminated,
accentuating the
bow. It’s
undeniably ‘Core’.

@gilescolborne

But imagine a
courtier of the sun
king bowing - all
twirling hands and
bending knee.

It’s still
undeniably a bow.
The ornamentation
Draws attention to
the core Bow.

@gilescolborne

What makes it work
is all that extra
stuff is aligned
with the idea of
bowing.

It’s purpose is to
emphasise, not
distract.

@gilescolborne

What matters isn’t
minimalism, it’s that
Aesthetics and
experience are
aligned with the
core. This helps us
stay focussed and
keeps things simple.

It’s about alignment

@gilescolborne

Experience the proposition (game)
Recently, I was
asked to review a
user experience.

a firm wanted to
get users to
play a game
based on their
marketing Sign up to the
programme, then programme
sign up to a
mailing list and
get their friends
to join in.

Grow the audience

@gilescolborne


Unfortunately,
Did you get a the first
high enough problem was, if
score? you didn’t get a
high enough
score on the
Sign up to the game, you
programme couldn’t
continue.

Grow the audience

@gilescolborne


To encourage
them to keep
Did you get a trying and sign
high enough up, the company
score? needed to offer
a huge prize -
a car.
Sign up to the
Win a car!
programme

Grow the audience

@gilescolborne


Next, the company
asked users to
Did you get a
invite their
high enough
friends to enter.
score?

So ask yourself:
Sign up to the ‘Would I like my
Win a car!
programme friend to win a
car?’ Absolutely!

And ‘Would I like
my friend to get
the car that I’m
trying to win?’
Grow the audience Sadly, no.

@gilescolborne

The user’s tasks
weren’t aligned
to the company’s
goals.
Did you get a
high enough
The experience
score?
felt complex and
contrived.
Sign up to the it didn’t work.
Win a car!
programme

Leave

Grow the audience

@gilescolborne

Our advice was, Experience the proposition (game)
once the user
had completed
the game, ask him Compare your
to sign up and score
post his score
on an online
scoreboard.
Sign up to the
programme
This aligned with
the competitive
nature of the
game.

Grow the audience

@gilescolborne

Then, ask him to
challenge a
friend to beat
Compare your
His score.
score

(We didn’t need
to give away a
car to get Sign up to the
people to invite programme
friends.)

Simplifying the Compare with
experience was your friends
about aligning
users’ goals and
tasks.
Grow the audience

@gilescolborne

Now we have some
rules to help us
‘eliminate what is
unnecessary’.

Thoughtful reduction
is about ‘core’ and
‘alignment’

@gilescolborne

What can we learn
from our other
strategies for
simplicity?

1. Remove features
2. Hide features
3. Group features

@gilescolborne

There are a couple
of ways to hide
features. One is to
use a hatch or
slider...

OP
EN

@gilescolborne

Another is to use a
touch screen
controller, like
this one.

However, a DVD
player costs $40
and a normal DVD
remote costs less
than $1 to make.

This touch screen
would end up
costing more than
the DVD player. So
it’s not a solution
for The DVD
problem.

@gilescolborne

Even hatches like
this are
problematic,
because they tend
to break off and
they’re more
complex to
manufacture.

we’re simplifying by
increasing
complexity.

Nevertheless,
Hiding features can
be a good strategy.

@gilescolborne

Intel 2 GHz processor
2 GB memory When you’re
Large hard drive
creating a website
Weighs 6lbs
Wireless to sell, say,
Widescreen Display laptops, if you
Webcam
Choose from
don’t give all the
a range of colors specs the experts
hate it.

And they tell the
mainstreamers that
those laptops are
for babies.
@gilescolborne

DNDPPA1
Intel Core2 Duo T8100 / 2.1GHz
64bit
2GB L2 Cache
800 MHz Data bus
Mobile Intel GM965 Express
IEEE 802.11b/g / Ethernet / Fast Ethernet
250GB SATA-150 But if you show the
15.4 TFT 12800x800 WXGA
mainstreamers all
Intel GMA X3100 DVM 4.0
2M pixel camera
the specs they
IEEE 1394 discover that they
HDMI Type A don’t know what an
VGA 15 pin out L2 Cache is.
1 x 6 cell Li Ion @ 56 Wh
Shock 30.0 g @ 3ms half-sine pulse (operating) / 163.0 g @ 2ms half-sine
pulse (non-operating)
The site is telling
8in1 card reader them they’re not
STAC9228 codec qualified to own
such a complex
Dell wireless 1395 Wireless NIC

laptop.
@gilescolborne

If you check the
‘features’ of a
MacBook on Apple’s
website, you get a
magazine style page
with basic info for
mainstreamers.

@gilescolborne

Apple gives experts
a link that will
appeal specifically
to them, but not
the mainstreamers.

@gilescolborne

When they click on
it, they find a
wealth of technical
detail including
specs, bullet
points and data
tables. They’re
happy. but the
mainstreamers
never have to know
about this stuff.

@gilescolborne

Hide things where
people will ﬁnd them

@gilescolborne

Our third strategy
is to chunk things

1. Remove features
together in groups
which are easier to
take in.

2. Hide features
3. Group features

@gilescolborne

We can make the
play button bigger.
Move it to the top.
shade some
buttons so that
they stand out
more.

@gilescolborne

If you were to
memorise these
numbers, you’d
have a hard time.

in a week, chances
are you’d have
forgotten them.

9 64
3
7
2
8 1 5

@gilescolborne 96

Here are the same
numbers, but
neatly arranged.
There’s nothing to
distract you.

you’ll remember
this in a week’s
time, no problem.

123456789

@gilescolborne 97

All we’ve done is
regularised the
layout, and relied
on a pattern that
was already in your
head.

But it makes a huge
difference.

123456789

@gilescolborne 98

Here’s another
example - a form
for searching for
train times.

This works just
fine in user
testing, but people
hesitate over it.

@gilescolborne 99

Here’s our
redesign.

By grouping the
fields, using a
regular grid and
using a little white
space instead of a
lot of shading, we
made it much
simpler to use

@gilescolborne 100

You’ll find more
good advice on
strategies for
simplifying through
grouping in this
book.

@gilescolborne 101

Sometimes you need to
add
features to make somet
hing simpler.

By adding features you
can
complete a group that us
ers expect.

This is a pre-paid travel
card that
you can use on London
transport.

@gilescolborne http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/drpritch/206995378/

There are many
problems with
oyster cards, but
one is that you
can’t use them all
the time.

@gilescolborne 103
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/kasperweibel/210261931/

Hong Kong’s
octopus card is
similar - but it does
more. You can use it
in more places -
including in shops
and vending
machines at train
and bus stations.

It does more and
that feels simpler
because it fits with
the users’ mental
model of ‘money I
use when
travelling’.

@gilescolborne 104
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ja-ae/1345116562/

OUr last strategy
Opens some
interesting
1. Remove features
possibilities...

2. Hide features
3. Group features

@gilescolborne

We’ve ended up with
a simpler
controller - but
we’ve displaced
features and
complexity to an
on screen menu.

@gilescolborne

As a solution for
the DVD remote, it’s
not perfect - you
need to spend a
lot of time and
money getting
those menus right.

@gilescolborne

But it’s elegant.
And some people
have decided it’s
the right way to
go.

@gilescolborne

But there’s
somewhere else we
can displace
complexity - and
that is into the
user’s head.

Take a complex task
like planning
travel.

How would you
make it simpler?

@gilescolborne

About ten years
ago, I had to
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON design a travel
planner.
OXFORD

I thought about
LONDON
BATH what was core. I
decided that Travel
is about managing
your movements in
space and time.

So I began with a
map.

@gilescolborne

STRATFORD-UPON-AVON

OXFORD

LONDON
BATH

The Roman Baths
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Morbi commodo, ipsum sed
pharetra gravida, orci magna rhoncus neque,
id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis. I let people inspect
Mon-Fri 0900-1830 (includes Bank Holidays)
Sat-Sun 0900-1730
locations on the
Christmas: Closed map and see how
£10 Adults, £5 Children / Student / Over 65 long it would take
Allow 1 hour minimum Add this to visit them.

@gilescolborne

My Travel Plan

LOCATION ACTIVITY TIME
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON
Excelsior
Bath N/A
Hotel
OXFORD
The Roman
Bath 0930-1030
Baths
LONDON
Train to
BATH Bath 1042-1153
Oxford
The King’s
The Roman Baths Oxford 1230-1400
Head
pharetra gravida, orci magna rhoncus neque, Th
Oxford ey Puntingd
coul 1415-1515
add
id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis.
locations to an
Ashmolean
Oxford 1530-1700
Sat-Sun 0900-1730 itinerary. They
Museum
Christmas: Closed
could re-arrange
Train to
£10 Adults, £5 Children / Student / Over 65 Oxford 1722-1835
London
them, save them,
Allow 1 hour minimum Add this
delete them.

@gilescolborne

My Travel Plan

STRATFORD-UPON-AVON
Excelsior
Bath N/A
Hotel
OXFORD
The Roman
Bath 0930-1030
Baths
LONDON
Train to
BATH Bath 1042-1153
Oxford
The King’s
The Roman Baths Oxford 1230-1400
Head
adipiscing elit. Morbi commodo, ipsum sed They’d end up with a
pharetra gravida, orci magna rhoncus neque, Oxford Punting 1415-1515
id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis. travel plan and
Mon-Fri 0900-1830 (includes Bank Holidays) th Ashmolean
Oxford ey’d be able to
1530-1700
Sat-Sun 0900-1730 Museum
Christmas: Closed see if their
Train to
£10 Adults, £5 Children / Student / Over 65 it
Oxfordinerary was
London
1722-1835
Allow 1 hour minimum Add this possible in the time
available.

@gilescolborne

My Travel Plan
When we tried it
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON out, Users hated it.
Excelsior
Bath N/A
Hotel
OXFORD Even though I’d
The Roman
Bath designed an 0930-1030
Baths open-
LONDON ended task users
Train to
BATH Bath 1042-1153
felt too
Oxford
co The King’s 1230-1400
Oxford nstrained.
The Roman Baths Head
pharetra gravida, orci magna rhoncus neque, So
Oxford I decided 1415-1515
Punting to give
id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis.
the users’ a
Ashmolean
Oxford m
si plMuseum ol 1530-1700
Sat-Sun 0900-1730 er to and
Christmas: Closed
let themto ndle the
Train ha
£10 Adults, £5 Children / Student / Over 65 Oxford 1722-1835
London
complexity of
Allow 1 hour minimum Add this
managing their
travel.

@gilescolborne

I let users create
folders, name them
as they pleased,
and put whatever Tuesday
they wanted into
the folders.

The users thought
of labels I’d never
have imagined and Kid’s things
used these simple
tools to create
complex plans.

Travel discounts

@gilescolborne

Because the
tools were
simple, they
could see how to
adapt them to
suit their needs.

@gilescolborne
http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/-po/302360126/

This is the most
satisfying form
of simplicity.

Creating
something simple
like twitter that
people use in
unexpected and
imaginative ways.

The tool is
simple. But
complex
behaviour
emerges from
it.

@gilescolborne

So we have four
strategies that
work in different
ways.

1. Remove features
But in each case,
we can’t

2. Hide features completely
eliminate
complexity.

3. Group features

@gilescolborne

Sometimes we
can’t remove
features.

Sometimes we
1. Remove features
need to add
them.

2. Hide features
and sometimes
fewer features

3. Group features
can feel more
complex.


@gilescolborne

Hiding features
works - but we
have to figure
out where to hide

1. Remove features
something so it
can be found.

2. Hide featuresAnd it means we
have to add
components to

3. Group features
the system.


@gilescolborne

Grouping
features works -
if the user has
complex

1. Remove features
knowledge.

2. Hide features
3. Group features

@gilescolborne

And when you
displace
features, you
push complexity

1. Remove features
to another part
of the system
(or the users’
2. Hide features
imagination).

3. Group features

@gilescolborne

I wanted to be
able to state
some laws of
simplicity as well
as some tips for
achieving it.

What about some laws?

@gilescolborne

The ﬁrst law of simplicity:

Complexity is never eliminated,
merely reduced and displaced
my first law is that, even
if
you reduce complexity,
you
will not eliminate it.

So you must Ask yourse
lf:
where do I want the
complexity to end up?
@gilescolborne

The second law of simplicity:

Simplicity is an experience
it happens in the user’s head
My second is that simpl
icity
is whatever your users
think it is. It’s their
experience that determin
es
whether something is
simple.

@gilescolborne

Focus on these

• What is core
• Make your experience compact
• Align the experience to what’s core
• Rely on existing user knowledge
• Decide where you want to place complexity
• Trust the user
if you want to improve
simplicity, you can add
these
focus points to the
strategies. But above al
l,
Don’t prescribe what’s
simple - you must trus
t
your users.
@gilescolborne

giles.colborne@cxpartners.co.uk

@gilescolborne

Contact me...
Questions about making things simpler
Examples of things made simpler
Ideas or comments to share

@gilescolborne 127

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If you like the photos in this presentation, check the Flickr URLs in the bottom right hand corner of each page.

@gilescolborne

Secrets of Simplicity: rules for being simple and usable (Giles Colborne)

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