Ap psychology unit 5

Ap psychology unit 5

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  AP Unit 5APUnit 5 States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness
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  I. Understanding Consciousness 2 •I. Understanding Consciousness • A. consciousness- is the personal awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, & the external world. • William James- likened it to a “stream” that is perceived as unified or unbroken. • B. Levels of Awareness: • Controlled processes- require focused, maximum attention • Automatic processes- require minimal attention
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  Cont. 3 • Subconscious-below conscious awareness, such as sleeping & dreaming • No awareness- being in a coma oir under anesthesia • C. Circadian Rhythms: biological processes that systematically vary over a period of ca. 24 hrs. • Researchers have id more than 100 bodily process that rhythmically peak & dip ea. day. • When time cues are removed, our sleep-wake cycle averages ca. 25 hrs. • Jet lag & rotating work schedules are common ie of activities that disrupt normal circadian rhythms.
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  II. Sleep Patterns4 • A. Studying sleep: researchers use an EEG to detect & record brain-wave changes during the sleep cycle. • EEG recordings show that sleep consists of a repeating pattern of distinct stages. • B. Two Basic Types of Sleep • REM- active sleep associated with dreaming • NREM- non-rapid-eye-movement sleep- quiet sleep with slowing brain activity
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  Stages of NREMSleep 6 • Stage 1: light sleep that lasts only a few min.- has slowing heart rate & decreasing BP • Stage 2: lasts 15-20 min. with short bursts of rapid brain waves • Stage 3 & 4: deep sleep lasting 20-40 min with low levels of breathing, BP, & heart rate.
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  D. REM Sleep6 • Characterized by active eye movements & the loss of muscle movement, which prevents the sleeper from acting out dreams. • The amt. of REM sleep changes during our life span with infants getting 40 %, adults 20%, and the elderly at 14% of their sleeping time spent in REM. • E. Sleep Cycles: In a typical night an avg. person has five 90-min. cycles. The 1st cycle is short but as the night progresses the REM phases get longer & less time is spent in NREM.
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  III. Theories ofSleep 7 • A. The Restoration theory of sleep: • Sleep rejuvenates the mind & body • REM sleep restores brain functions while NEWM restores the physical • B. Adaptive Theory of Sleep: says sleep patterns evolved so both human & non-human animals could conserve energy & avoid predators. • They argue sleep is a necessary part of the circadian cycles.
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  IV. Theories ofDreams 8 • A. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic View: In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud said dreams were the “road to the unconscious.” • Freud believed dreams provide insight into the unconscious by expressing hidden desires & conflicts. • He believed dreams contain a story that consists of symbols & the symbols disguise the dream’s true meaning & that the hidden or latent content has the real unconscious meaning.
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  B. The Activation- SynthesisView 9 • Allan Hobson believed the dreaming brain is responding to its own internally generated signals. He believed dream meanings were from analyzing the personal way in which a dream organizes images. • V. Sleep Disorders: • A. Insomnia: the most common sleep disorder. Characterized by persistent problems in falling asleep, staying awake, or awakening too early. • B. Sleep Apnea: common in overweight men over age 50. Characterized by loud snoring, irregular breathing, and gasping for air. • C. Sleep Walking: much more common in children than adults. Occurs during stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep.
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  VI. Hypnosis 10 •A. Definition: a trance-like state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, & intense focus. • B. Practical applications: • Reduce stress & anxiety • Treat chronic pain • Manage pain during medical & dental procedures • Used to loose weight & stop smoking
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  C. Limitations 11 •Can’t be hypnotized against ones will • Can’t make people violate their moral values • Can’t bestow new talents or make a person stronger • D. Explanations of Hypnosis: • Dissociation- Ernest Hilgard’s exp. showed a divided consciousness exists where subjects can consciously respond but also be able to sense the world around them, ie his exp with cold water. • Social influence theory- says there is no hypnotic trance but a person “acting out” the role of a hypnotic subject. • VII. Psychoactive Drugs: A. Key Terms: • Psychoactive drugs- chemicals that change conscious
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  Cont. 12 • Awareness,mood, &/or perception. • Agonistic drugs- enhance a neurotransmitter’s effect • Antagonistic drugs- inhibit a neurotransmitter’s effect • Withdrawal- the painful experience associated with stopping the use of addictive drugs • Tolerance- bodily adjustment to higher & higher levels of a drug, which leads to decreased sensitivity.
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  B. Depressants 13 •Act on the brain by decreasing bodily processes, reducing reaction times, & causing a feeling of well being. • Alcohol, barbiturates, & anti-anxiety drugs, such as Valium, are all depressants. • Alcohol is the most used & abused depressant & in any amt. is always a depressant. • The psychological effects of alcohol are strongly influenced by the user’s expectations.
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  C. Stimulants 14 •Act on the brain by producing alertness, excitement, elevated mood, & general responsiveness. • Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, & cocaine are all stimulants. • Ea. yr. over 400K Americans die from smoking- related illnesses. Smoking plays a role in causing bronchitis, emphysema, & heart disease. • Cocaine is a highly addictive & particularly dangerous stimulant.
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  D. Opiates 15 •Numb the senses and relieve pain • Morphine, heroine, & codeine are all opiates. • They are extremely addictive & w/drawal is excruciatingly painful. • E. Hallucinogens • Produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations • Marijuana & LSD are the best-known.