Chapter 2 - Basic Elements of Java

Java Programming: From Problem
Analysis to Program Design, 5e

Chapter 2
Basic Elements of Java

Chapter Objectives
• Become familiar with the basic components of a
Java program, including methods, special
symbols, and identifiers
• Explore primitive data types
• Discover how to use arithmetic operators
• Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic
expressions
• Explore how mixed expressions are evaluated
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

2

Chapter Objectives (continued)
• Learn about type casting
• Become familiar with the String type
• Learn what an assignment statement is and what it
does
• Discover how to input data into memory by using
input statements
• Become familiar with the use of increment and
decrement operators

3

Chapter Objectives (continued)
• Examine ways to output results using output
statements
• Learn how to import packages and why they are
necessary
• Discover how to create a Java application program
• Explore how to properly structure a program,
including using comments to document a program


4

Introduction
• Computer program: a sequence of
statements whose objective is to accomplish
a task
• Programming: process of planning and
creating a program


5

A Java Program

Sample Run:


6

The Basics of a Java Program
• Java program: collection of classes
• There is a main method in every Java
application program
• Token: smallest individual unit of a
program


7

Special Symbols


8

Reserved Words (Keywords)
•
•
•
•

int
float
double
char

•
•
•
•
•

void
public
static
throws
return


9

Java Identifiers
• Names of things
• Consist of:
–
–
–
–

Letters
Digits
The underscore character (_)
The dollar sign ($)

• Must begin with a letter, underscore, or the
dollar sign

10

Illegal Identifiers


11

Data Types
• Data type: set of values together with a set
of operations


12

Primitive Data Types
• Integral, which is a data type that deals with
integers, or numbers without a decimal part (and
characters)
• Floating-point, which is a data type that deals with
decimal numbers
• Boolean, which is a data type that deals with logical
values


13

Integral Data Types
• char
• byte
• short
• int
• long


14

Values and Memory Allocation
for Integral Data Types


15

Primitive Data Types
• Floating-point data types
– float: precision = 6 or 7
– double: precision = 15

• boolean: two values
– true
– false


16

Literals (Constants)
• Integer literals, integer constants, or
integers: 23 and -67
• Floating-point literals, floating-point
constants, floating-point numbers: 12.34
and 25.60
• Character literals, character constants, or
characters: 'a' and '5'

17

Arithmetic Operators and
Operator Precedence
•

Five arithmetic operators
–
–
–
–
–

•
•

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% mod (modulus)

Unary operator: operator that has one operand
Binary operator: operator that has two operands


18

Order of Precedence
1. *
2. +
•
•

/

%
-

(same precedence)
(same precedence)

Operators in 1 have a higher precedence than
operators in 2
When operators have the same level of
precedence, operations are performed from left
to right


19

Expressions
• Integral expressions
• Floating-point or decimal expressions
• Mixed expressions


20

Integral Expressions
• All operands are integers
• Examples
2 + 3 * 5
3 + x – y / 7
x + 2 * (y – z) + 18


21

Floating-Point Expressions
• All operands are floating-point numbers
• Examples
12.8 * 17.5 – 34.50
x * 10.5 + y - 16.2


22

Mixed Expressions
• Operands of different types
• Examples
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
• Integer operands yield an integer result; floatingpoint numbers yield floating-point results
• If both types of operands are present, the result is
a floating-point number
• Precedence rules are followed

23

Type Conversion (Casting)
• Used to avoid implicit type coercion
• Syntax
(dataTypeName) expression
• Expression evaluated first, then type
converted to dataTypeName
• Examples
(int)(7.9 + 6.7) = 14
(int)(7.9) + (int)(6.7) = 13

24

The class String
• Used to manipulate strings
• String
–
–
–
–

Sequence of zero or more characters
Enclosed in double quotation marks
Null or empty strings have no characters
Numeric strings consist of integers or decimal
numbers
– Length is the number of characters in a string

25

Strings and the Operator +
• Operator + can be used to concatenate
two strings or a string and a numeric
value or character
• Example 2-10
"The sum = " + 12 + 26

-After this statement executes, the string
assigned to str is:
"The sum = 1226";

26

Strings and the Operator +
(continued)
• Consider the following statement:
"The sum = " + (12 + 26)

• In this statement, because of the
parentheses, you first evaluate num1 +
num2

– Because num1 and num2 are both int
variables, num1 + num2 = 12 + 26 =
38
– After this statement executes, the string
assigned to str is:
"The sum = 38";


27

Input
•

Named constant
–
–
–

•

Cannot be changed during program execution
Declared by using the reserved word final
Initialized when it is declared

Example 2-11

final
final
final
final

double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 20;
char BLANK = ' ';
double PAY_RATE = 15.75;


28

Input (continued)
•

Variable (name, value, data type, size)
–
–
–
–
–

•

Content may change during program execution
Must be declared before it can be used
May not be automatically initialized
If new value is assigned, old one is destroyed
Value can only be changed by an assignment
statement or an input (read) statement

Example 2-12

double
int
char
int

amountDue;
counter;
ch;
num1, num2;


29

Input (continued)
•
•

The assignment statement
variable = expression;

Example 2-13

int num1;
int num2;
double sale;
char first;
String str;
num1 = 4;
num2 = 4 * 5 - 11;
sale = 0.02 * 1000;
first = 'D';
str = "It is a sunny day.";

30

Input (continued)
• Example 2-14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

num1
num1
num2
num3
num3

=
=
=
=
=

18;
num1 + 27;
num1;
num2 / 5;
num3 / 4;


31

Input (continued)


32

Input (continued)


33

Input (continued)
•
•

Standard input stream object: System.in
Input numeric data to program
–

•

Separate by blanks, lines, or tabs

To read data:
1. Create an input stream object of the class
Scanner
2. Use the methods such as next, nextLine,
nextInt, and nextDouble

34

Input (continued)
static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

•

Example 2-16

static Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

int feet;
int inches;
Suppose the input is
23 7
feet = console.nextInt();
inches = console.nextInt();

//Line 1
//Line 2
35

Increment and Decrement
Operators
• ++ increments the value of its operand by 1
• -- decrements the value of its operand by 1
• Syntax
Pre-increment: ++variable
Post-increment: variable++
Pre-decrement: --variable
Post-decrement: variable-Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

36

Output
• Standard output object: System.out
• Methods
print
println

• Syntax

System.out.print(stringExp);
System.out.println(stringExp);
System.out.println();

37

Commonly Used Escape Sequences


38

Packages, Classes, Methods, and
the import Statement
• Package: collection of related classes
• Class: consists of methods
• Method: designed to accomplish a specific
task


39

import Statement
• Used to import the components of a
package into a program
• Reserved word
• import java.io.*;
– Imports the (components of the) package
java.io into the program

• Primitive data types and the class
String
– Part of the Java language
– Don’t need to be imported

40

Creating a Java Application
Program
• Syntax of a class

• Syntax of the main method


41

Debugging: Understanding and
Fixing Syntax Errors
• When you type a program, typos and
unintentional syntax errors are likely to
occur
• Therefore, when you compile a program,
the compiler will identify the syntax error


42


43

• The compiler produces the following errors:
ProgramNum.java:9: ';' expected
int num
^
ProgramNum.java:16: reached end of file while parsing
}
^
2 errors


44


45


46


47


48


49

Programming Style and Form
•
•
•
•
•

Know common syntax errors and rules
Use blanks appropriately
Semicolon: statement terminator
Important to have well-documented code
Good practice to follow traditional rules for
naming identifiers


50

Avoiding Bugs: Consistent, Proper
Formatting and Code Walkthrough
• Java is a free-format language in the sense that programming
instructions need not be typed in specific columns
• As you will discover, consistent and proper formatting will make
it easier to develop, debug, and maintain programs
• Throughout the book, you will see consistent and predictable use
of blanks, tabs, and newline characters to separate the elements of
a program
• When you write programs, unintentional typos and errors are
unavoidable
• The Java compiler will find the syntax rules and give some hints
how to correct them; however, the compiler may not find logical
(semantic) errors

51

Formatting and Code Walk-Through
(continued)
• Typically, programmers try to find and fix these problems
themselves by walking carefully through their programs
• Sometimes after multiple readings, a programmer may not be able
to find the bug because the programmer may overlook the piece of
the code that contains the bug and therefore may seek outside help
• If your program is properly formatted and you have used good
names for identifiers, the person reading your program will have
an easier time reading and debugging the program

52

Formatting and Code Walk-Through
(continued)
• Before you seek outside help, you should be prepared to explain
what your program intended to do and answer questions raised by
the person reading your program
• The examination of your program by yourself, by another person,
or a group of persons is a walk-through; a walk-through is helpful
for all phases of the software development process


53

More on Assignment Statements
variable = variable * (expression);
is equivalent to

variable *= expression;
Similarly,

variable = variable + (expression);
is equivalent to
variable += expression;


54

Programming Examples
• Convert Length program
– Input: length in feet and inches
– Output: equivalent length in centimeters

• Make Change program
– Input: change in cents
– Output: equivalent change in half-dollars,
quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies

55

Chapter Summary
• Basic elements of a Java program include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

The main method
Reserved words
Special symbols
Identifiers
Data types
Expressions
Input
Output
Statements


56

Chapter Summary (continued)
• To create a Java application, it is important
to understand:
–
–
–
–
–
–

Syntax rules
Semantic rules
How to manipulate strings and numbers
How to declare variables and named constants
How to receive input and display output
Good programming style and form


57

Chapter 2 - Basic Elements of Java

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